Govern Mac OS
Note: The headings on this list indicate the Macintosh System bundle names; the bullet points indicate the version of the System File included in that bundle. This is to make it clearer for people searching for specific bundle versions as opposed to System File versions. Finder File versions are not indicated. 1 Classic Mac OS 1.1 Macintosh System Software (0 - 0.3) 1.1.1 System File 1 1.1.2. Is your CAC reader Mac friendly? Visit the USB Readers page to verify the CAC reader you have is. Government Computer News reported earlier this week that both Linux and Mac OS X have been added to the newest version of the TRM, version 1.1. Version 1 of the TRM came out in June of this year.
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
Govern Mac Os X
Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work!
Microsoft Corporation, leading developer of personal-computersoftware systems and applications. The company also publishes books and multimedia titles, produces its own line of hybrid tablet computers, offers e-mail services, and sells electronic game systems and computer peripherals (input/output devices). It has sales offices throughout the world. In addition to its main research and development centre at its corporate headquarters in Redmond, Washington, U.S., Microsoft operates research labs in Cambridge, England (1997); Beijing, China (1998); Bengaluru, India (2005); Cambridge, Massachusetts (2008); New York, New York (2012); and Montreal, Canada (2015).
Founding and early growth
In 1975 Bill Gates and Paul G. Allen, two boyhood friends from Seattle, converted BASIC, a popular mainframe computer programming language, for use on an early personal computer (PC), the Altair. Shortly afterward, Gates and Allen founded Microsoft, deriving the name from the words microcomputer and software. During the next few years, they refined BASIC and developed other programming languages. In 1980 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) asked Microsoft to produce the essential software, or operating system, for its first personal computer, the IBM PC. Microsoft purchased an operating system from another company, modified it, and renamed it MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System). MS-DOS was released with the IBM PC in 1981. Thereafter, most manufacturers of personal computers licensed MS-DOS as their operating system, generating vast revenues for Microsoft; by the early 1990s it had sold more than 100 million copies of the program and defeated rival operating systems such as CP/M, which it displaced in the early 1980s, and later IBM OS/2. Microsoft deepened its position in operating systems with Windows, a graphical user interface whose third version, released in 1990, gained a wide following. By 1993, Windows 3.0 and its subsequent versions were selling at a rate of one million copies per month, and nearly 90 percent of the world’s PCs ran on a Microsoft operating system. In 1995 the company released Windows 95, which for the first time fully integrated MS-DOS with Windows and effectively matched in ease of use Apple Computer’s Mac OS. Microsoft also became the leader in productivity software such as word-processing and spreadsheet programs, outdistancing longtime rivals Lotus and WordPerfect in the process.
Microsoft dramatically expanded its electronic publishing division, created in 1985 and already notable for the success of its multimedia encyclopaedia, Encarta. It also entered the information services and entertainment industries with a wide range of products and services, most notably the Microsoft Network and MSNBC (a joint venture with the National Broadcasting Company, a major American television network, which began in 1995 and ended in 2012).
Govern Mac Os Update
As a result, by the mid-1990s Microsoft, which became a publicly owned corporation in 1986, had become one of the most powerful and profitable companies in American history. It consistently earned profits of 25 cents on every sales dollar, an astonishing record. In the company’s 1996 fiscal year, it topped $2 billion in net income for the first time, and its unbroken string of profits continued, even during the Great Recession of 2007–09 (its net income had grown to more than $14 billion by fiscal year 2009). However, its rapid growth in a fiercely competitive and fast-changing industry spawned resentment and jealousy among rivals, some of whom complained that the company’s practices violated U.S. laws against unfair competition. Microsoft and its defenders countered that, far from stifling competition and technical innovation, its rise had encouraged both and that its software had consistently become less expensive and more useful. A U.S. Justice Department investigation concluded in 1994 with a settlement in which Microsoft changed some sales practices that the government contended enabled the company to unfairly discourage OS customers from trying alternative programs. The following year the Justice Department successfully challenged Microsoft’s proposed purchase of Intuit Inc., then the leading maker of financial software for PCs.
Chasing the Internet
Partly because of its stunning success in PC software, Microsoft was slow to realize the commercial possibilities of network systems and the Internet. In 1993 it released Windows NT, a landmark program that tied disparate PCs together and offered improved reliability and network security. Sales were initially disappointing, but by 1996 Windows NT was being hailed as the likely standard for PC networking, quickly surpassing Novell’s NetWare in market share. Microsoft did not move into Internet software until a new venture, Netscape Communications Corp., had introduced Navigator, a Web browser program that simplified the once-arcane process of navigating the World Wide Web. In a violent change of course, Microsoft quickly developed its own browser, Internet Explorer, made it free, and moved aggressively to persuade computer makers and Internet service providers to distribute it exclusively. By 1996 Microsoft was bundling Explorer with Windows OS and had begun the process of integrating Explorer directly into Windows. In response, Netscape accused Microsoft of violating its 1995 consent decree and sued; those efforts helped to persuade the Justice Department to reopen a broad investigation of Microsoft.
In 1999, following a trial that lasted 30 months, a judge found Microsoft in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) and ordered the breakup of the company. In 2001 an appeals court overturned the breakup order but still found the company guilty of illegally trying to maintain a monopoly. The company’s legal woes continued in 2004: the European Union (EU) levied the largest fine in the organization’s history to that point, €497.2 million ($611 million), in retaliation for what were described as Microsoft’s near-monopoly practices. In February 2008 the EU imposed an even higher fine, €899 million ($1.35 billion), on the company for having defied the EU’s 2004 antitrust decision against Microsoft for illegally bundling multimedia software with its Windows operating system to the exclusion of competitors.
Entry into the gaming and mobile phone markets
In 2001 Microsoft released the Xbox, an electronic game console that quickly captured second place in the video gaming market. In 2002 it launched Xbox Live, a broadband gaming network for its consoles. A more powerful gaming console, the Xbox 360, was released in 2005. In an intensely competitive market, where the Xbox faced strong pressure from the Nintendo Wii and SonyPlayStation, Microsoft struggled through the years to make consistent profits from its console. For example, in 2009 the company cut the price of the Xbox 360 Elite by as much as 25 percent in order to pick up market share. The move was successful; by 2010 the Xbox 360 was the most-used game console in the American home. But at the same time, the price cuts also led to a 6 percent drop in revenue in Microsoft’s Entertainment and Devices Division (EDD). The Xbox 360 was succeeded in 2013 by the Xbox One, which in turn was replaced by Xbox Series X and Xbox Series S in 2020.
Other EDD products also struggled. The Zune family of portable media players introduced in 2006 failed to challenge the market dominance of Apple’s iPod, and it was discontinued in 2011. The Windows Mobile OS, used in smartphones made by a variety of vendors, including HTC, LG, Motorola, and Samsung, trailed in market share in the United States behind Research in Motion’s BlackBerry and Apple’s iPhone. In 2009 Microsoft ceased publishing online and disc versions of its Encarta encyclopaedia.
- 1976 - present
- headquarters
- related people
- areas of involvement
Whenever you upgrade your operating system (OS), you will need to CAC-enable (i.e. Public Key Enable) the system all over again. You should refer to the instructions and downloads available from the web pages under Getting Started for End Users (Mac) on DISA's Information Assurance Support Environment (IASE) website. You will need middleware to use your CAC on OS X. The instructions on IASE will direct you to Smartcard Services (middleware) downloads from Mac OS forge. Smartcard Services will work for most CACs and readers, however, if you do not see your CAC keychain in the Keychain Access.app after installing the Smartcard Services package and inserting your CAC in the card reader, then I recommend using another free middleware called Centrify Express.
Aside from installing middleware, you need to download and import the DoD Root and Intermediate Certificates in your Keychain Access. Most of the DoD certificates are available if you add the 'SystemCACertificates' keychain using the File > Add Keychain option and navigating through the folders to Macintosh HD > System > Library > Keychains. You need to download and import a few certificates into the 'login' keychain, such as DOD ROOT CA 2 (3 certificates total), DOD ROOT CA 3, and any intermediate certificates that issued the certificates on your CAC, which are greater than DOD CA-30 (such as DOD CA-31, DOD EMAIL CA-31, DOD CA-32, DOD EMAIL CA-32, DOD ID CA-33, DOD EMAIL CA-33, DOD ID CA-34, DOD EMAIL CA-34, etc.). Go to the Cross-Certificate Chaining Issue page to download two zip files (i.e.Certificates_PKCS7_v4.1u4_DoD.zip and unclass-irca1_dodroot_ca2.zip, then use the File > Import Certificate option to add the certificates to the 'login' keychain. All DoD Intermediate Certificates are available for download (one-by-one) from the DoD PKI Management website at https://crl.gds.disa.mil/ (download the Certificate Authority Certificate, not the Certificate Revocation List, i.e. CRL) for each certificate.
Company: Southwest I.T. Solutions
Mar 13, 2016 9:22 PM